Footnote # 1

Margaret Ellen Newell, "The Changing Nature of Indian Slavery," in Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience, ed. Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury (Boston: The Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 2003), pp. 106-136.

Footnote # 2

David Eltis, "The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment," The William and Mary Quarterly Third Series, Vol. 63 (January 2001), Table III, p. 45.

Footnote # 3

David Eltis, "The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment," The William and Mary Quarterly Third Series, Vol. 63 (January 2001), p. 22; William D. Piersen, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Sub-Culture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), derived from p. 18, fn 8, p. 183, and Tables 7 and 8, Appendix, np.

Footnote # 4

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), Table 1., pp. 47-63.

Footnote # 5

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), Table 1., pp. 369-370.

Footnote # 6

William D. Piersen, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Sub-Culture in Eighteenth-Century New England (Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), p. 15.

Footnote # 7

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), Table 1., pp. 369-370.

Footnote # 8

Robert Romer map, nd, np.

Further Reading

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern 1492-1800. London, New York: Verso, 1997.

Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cabridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Eltis, David. "The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment", in The William and Mary Quarterly. Third Series, Vol. 63January , 2001.

Melish, Joanne Pope. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Newell, Margaret Ellen. "The Changing Nature of Indian Slavery", in Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience. Boston: The Colonial Society of Boston, 2003.

Piersen,William D. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth Century New England. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

Zilversmit, Arthur. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963.